EPD-IES-0023920:002
Sector EPD by PNA
Natural stone slabs with a thickness of 2 cm from 15 quarries in different Italian regions, intended for a wide range of applications in the construction sector, including internal and external cladding and flooring, as well as elements for architectural works.
General information
| EPD Owner | Pietra Naturale Autentica |
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| Registration number | EPD-IES-0023920:002 |
| EPD type | Sector EPD based on an average product |
| Status | Valid |
| Version date | 2025-10-21 |
| Validity date | 2030-09-21 |
| Standards conformance | ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 |
| Geographical scope | Global, Italy, Europe |
| An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD. | |
Programme information
| Programme | International EPD System |
|---|---|
| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
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| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
Verification
| LCA accountability | Laura Morvidoni, laura.morvidoni@polito.it, Pietra Naturale Autentica Giulia Pezzin, giulia.pezzin@polito.it, Pietra Naturale Autentica isabella.bianco@polito.it, isabella.bianco@polito.it, Pietra Naturale Autentica |
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| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
| Third-party verifier | Bureau Veritas Italia S.p.A. |
| Accredited by | Accredia |
| Accredited certification body address | Italy |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | Pietra Naturale Autentica |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | Agatha Alfieri |
| Contact person e-mail | segreteria@stoneisbetter.com |
| Organisation address | Italy Milano 20154 Corso Sempione 30 |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
PNA – the Authentic Natural Stone Network was established in 2018 with a clear mission: to promote and protect the competitiveness of authentic natural stone by highlighting its rich tradition, exceptional quality, and remarkable versatility. One of our main goals is to raise awareness among architects, professionals, designers, and the general public about the unique value of this extraordinary material, helping them to recognize its true quality and advantages over alternative products.
Organisation images
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | Natural Stone Slabs |
|---|---|
| Product identification | This EPD refers to natural stone slabs under the network PNA – Pietra Naturale Autentica, which represents authentic natural stone products extracted and processed in compliance with relevant European standards (e.g., EN 1469 for slabs of natural stone for cladding, EN 12057 for modular tiles). The identification is supported by the industry initiative PNA – Pietra Naturale Autentica, promoting the use of genuine natural stone. |
| Product description | Natural stone slabs with a thickness of 2 cm from 15 quarries in different Italian regions, intended for a wide range of applications in the construction sector, including internal and external cladding and flooring, as well as elements for architectural works. |
| Product information from external sources | https://www.naturalstoneisbetter.com/it/rete-pna/ |
| Technical purpose of product | Natural stone slabs intended for a wide range of applications in the construction sector, including internal and external cladding and flooring, as well as elements for architectural works. |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | In the general case, the cycle begins with the separation of the bed and the cutting into blocks (A1). In this phase, the extraction activity in the quarry is carried out either with horizontal and vertical cuts made by diamond wire and chain cutting machines or with detonating methods. Subsequently, the blocks of chosen commercial dimensions are transported to the plant (A2). The block is then squared (A3), performed with giant discs or diamond wires, and cut into slabs (A3), performed using multi-wire diamond or multi-blade metal grit systems, with high energy and water consumption. The slabs obtained are then subjected to surface finishing (A3), which includes smoothing, polishing and resin-coating treatments using abrasives and resins, depending on the desired degree of finishing. Once the processing is completed, the product is packaged (A3) for shipping, using materials such as wooden pallets, paper, plastic and other packaging materials. Each phase is accompanied by energy and material inputs, as well as waste generation. The life cycle ends with the end-of-life phases, which include the demolition of the product (C1), the subsequent waste treatment (C2) and, depending on the scenario considered, the possible recovery or recycling of the materials that have reached the end of their useful life, or their final disposal. In fact, the sheets can be reintroduced into new production cycles through recovery operations or, alternatively, sent to specialized plants for disposal. In the analysis conducted, a total 100% disposal scenario has been assumed (C4). |
| Material properties | Bulk density: 2600 kg/m3
Area density: 52 kg/m2
Thickness: 0.02 m Bulk density: 2600 kg/m3 Area density: 52 kg/m2 Thickness: 0.02 m |
| Manufacturing site | Basaltina S.r.l. Italy Roma 00196 Via Andrea Sacchi, 31 |
| Manufacturing site 2 | Marmi Ghirardi S.r.l. Italy Carpenedolo (BS) 25013 Via Santa Croce, 94 |
| Manufacturing site 3 | Beltramo Fratelli s.n.c. Italy Barge (CN) 12032 |
| Manufacturing site 4 | Franchi Umberto Marmi S.p.A. Italy Carrara (MS) 54033 Via Del Bravo 14 - 16 |
| Manufacturing site 5 | Marini Marmi Italy Castro (BG) 24063 Via Grè, 1 |
| Manufacturing site 6 | Marmi e Graniti d’Italia S.r.l. Italy Massa (MS) 54100 Via Aurelia Ovest, 271 Massa (MS) Italy |
| Manufacturing site 7 | Nikolaus Bagnara S.p.A. Italy Appiano (BZ) 39057 Via Madonna del Riposo 34 |
| Manufacturing site 8 | Grassi Pietre S.r.l. Italy Nanto (VI) 36024 via Madonetta 2 |
| Manufacturing site 9 | Marmi Faedo SpA Italy Cornedo Vicentino (VI) 36073 Via Monte Cimone 13 |
| Manufacturing site 10 | CMP Solmar S.r.l. Italy Cantù (CO) 22063 Via Milano, 94 |
| Manufacturing site 11 | Marmi Minucciano Srl Italy Carrara (MS) 54033 Via Provinciale Carrara-Avenza 91/Ter |
| UN CPC code | 15120. Marble and other calcareous monumental or building stone |
| Geographical scope | Global, Italy, Europe |
| Geographical scope description | •the Italian national area for the extraction and transportation phase of raw materials and for the processing carried out in the 15 companies; •Global (GLO) for the end-of-life scenarios of products (module C) and Europe (RER) for the benefits of module D. |
| Actual or technical lifespan | 50 year(s) |
Product images
Technical characteristics and performance
Technical performance
| Product name |
|---|
| Ornamental stone |
Content declaration
| Content declaration of multiple products | It's a sector EPD so the content declaration referes to the average content of the product included. |
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| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
Product content
| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ornamental stone | 52 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
Packaging materials
| Material name | Mass, kg | Mass-% (versus the product) | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wood | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.11 |
| Total | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.11 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | ||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | 1 m² of slab with surface finish, 2 cm thick, ready to be delivered to the consumer (average of the 15 materials included in the sector EPD) Area: 1 m2 |
| Conversion factor to mass | 0.02 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.10 database |
| LCA Software | SimaPro 9.6 |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | The characterisation factors used are in accordance with EN 15804:2012+2019:A2/AC:2021 and are: - Acidification (AP), from Seppälä et al. (2006) and Posch et al. (2008) - GWP-total, GWP-biogenic, GWP-fossil, GWP-luluc from Baseline model of 100 years of the IPCC based on IPCC 2013 - Eutrophication, (EP-marine and EP-freshwater) from EUTREND model, Struijs et al., 2009b, as implemented in ReCiPe - Eutrophication, terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) from Accumulated Exceedance, Seppälä et al. 2006, Posch et al. 2008 - Ozone depletion (ODP) from Steady-state ODPs, WMO 2014 - Photochemical ozone formation (POCP) from LOTOS-EUROS ,Van Zelm et al., 2008, as applied in ReCiPe - Resource use (ADP-fossil and ADP-minerals&metals) from CML 2002, Guinée et al., 2002, and van Oers et al. 2002. - Water use (WDP) from Available WAter REmaining (AWARE), Boulay et al., 2016 - Particulate matter (PM) from SETAC-UNEP, Fantke et al.2016 - Ecotoxicity, freshwater (ETP-fw) from Usetox version 2 until the modified USEtox model is available from EC-JRC - Human toxicity (HTP-c and HTP-nc) from Usetox version 2 until the modified USEtox model is available from EC-JRC - Ionising radiation (IRP) from Human health effect model as developed by Dreicer et al. 1995 update by Frischknecht et al., 2000 - Land use (SQP) from Soil quality index based on LANCA |
| Technology description including background system | The product is 1 m2 of a 2 cm thick natural stone slab, the weighted average of 15 materials extracted by 11 companies across Italy, used for cladding, flooring and architectural elements. The average bulk density is 2600 kg/m³ (1 m² = 0.052 t). Production includes quarrying, cutting, finishing and packaging while end-of-life assumes disposal in landfill. |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | The geographical coverage includes multiple regions across Italy, ensuring good representativeness. Temporal representativeness is very good, as all data reflect the most recent production year. The data used refer to the year 2024 and were directly collected from companies belonging to PNA Network while auxiliary materials were modelled using previous studies by the authors and from suppliers. The technical representativeness is also good, as the technologies modelled reflect actual industry practices. |
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Data quality assessment
| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diesel for A1-A3 | Data collection | Partecipating companies | 2024 | Primary data | 30.6% |
| Electricity for A1-A3 | Database - Activity data collection | AIB - Italian 2022 Residual Mix and partecipating companies | 2024 | Primary data | 51.7% |
| Resin for finishing stage | Data collection | Partecipating companies | 2024 | Primary data | 6.9% |
| Transport (A2) | Data collection | Partecipating companies | 2024 | Primary data | 1.3% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 90.50000000000001% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
Electricity data
| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of electricity mix | Residual electricity mix on the market | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 0.54% |
| Wind | 0.84% | |
| Solar | 5.97% | |
| Biomass | 1.68% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0.1% | |
| Nuclear | 2.62% | |
| Natural gas | 68.92% | |
| Coal | 12.2% | |
| Oil | 4.47% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 2.73% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 0.64 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
| Method used to calculate residual electricity mix | The electricity mix from the network used in this study was modelled based on the Italian residual mix from Ecoinvent 3.10 dataset "Electricity, medium voltage {IT}| electricity, medium voltage, residual mix | Cut-off, S", which uses the residual mix 2022 data by AIB, 2023 (Association of Issuing Bodies) following the methodology defined by Grexel (2020). |
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System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | a) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D). |
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| Excluded modules | No, there is no excluded module, or there are no excluded modules |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | Italy | Italy | Italy | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Global | Global | Global | Global | Europe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 90% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 100% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description of the process flow diagram(s)
The life cycle considered in the study is illustrated in Flow Diagram, which represents the process diagram used to define the system boundaries of the LCA analysis relating to the production of natural stone slabs. The diagram highlights the main phases of the production cycle, the related information modules and the processes included in each phase. For each step, the environmental inputs and outputs are indicated, i.e. the flows of materials and energy, the emissions generated and the waste produced. The blue dotted line delimits the system boundaries used to calculate environmental impacts throughout the entire life cycle of the product, up to the end-of-life phases (100% disposal scenario).
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | 100% Disposal |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | 100% disposal scenario that includes modules C1-C2 and C4, assuming complete disposal of the slabs in a landfill |
Module C: End-of-life
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C | 100% Disposal |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module C | C1-C2-C4 assume complete disposal in landfill with 80 km transport. |
| Description of the default scenario in module C | The removal of the marble slabs occurs simultaneously with the demolition of the entire building (C1). The transportation of demolition waste to treatment or disposal centers was modeled considering an average distance of 80 km, travelled by EURO 5 diesel trucks 16-32 metric ton and load factor of 50% (C2). The material is not reused or subjected to valorization treatments, but delivered directly to authorized plants (100% disposed of in landfills, C4). |
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Collection process (kg collected separately) | 52 | kg |
| Collection process (kg collected together with construction waste) | 0 | kg |
| Recovery system (kg for reuse) | 0 | kg |
| Recovery system (kg for recycling) | 0 | kg |
| Recovery system (kg for energy recovery) | 0 | kg |
| Disposal (kg of material for final disposal ) | 52 | kg |
| Transport (for products/materials not intended for incineration) | 80 | kg |
Reference service life
| Description of the default scenario in reference service life | 50 |
|---|
| Reference service life information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
Reference service life | 50 | year(s) |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D | 100% Disposal |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module D | There is no contribution to module D which results to be zero. |
| Description of the default scenario in module D | Module D allows to quantify the potential environmental benefits or loads deriving from the recovery, reuse or recycling of the product at the end of its life and from net flows leaving the product system that have passed the end-of-waste state. The product is assumed to be disposed 100% in landfill and all waste flows exiting A1-A3 are sent to landfill with no recycling, so there is no contribution to module D which results to be zero. |
Environmental performance
The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 1.35E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.38E-2 | 8.14E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.00E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 1.31E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.38E-2 | 8.14E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.00E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | 4.02E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.02E-5 | 1.81E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 3.28E-6 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 2.67E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.14E-6 | 3.23E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 2.61E-6 | 0.00E+0 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 2.66E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.44E-9 | 1.14E-8 | 0.00E+0 | 4.59E-10 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 6.69E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.46E-4 | 2.71E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 2.71E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.67E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.74E-6 | 6.39E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 8.76E-7 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 2.50E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.93E-4 | 8.79E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 1.26E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 2.59E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.30E-3 | 9.56E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 1.38E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 8.62E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.28E-3 | 3.78E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 4.10E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1 | kg Sb eq. | 8.28E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.35E-8 | 2.61E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 1.07E-8 | 0.00E+0 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 1.92E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.23E+0 | 1.14E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.93E-1 | 0.00E+0 |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 1.31E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.66E-3 | 5.16E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 8.50E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 1.36E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.38E-2 | 8.14E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.00E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter emissions | PM | Disease incidence | 1.24E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.40E-8 | 6.45E-8 | 0.00E+0 | 7.69E-9 | 0.00E+0 |
| Ionizing radiation - human health | IRP1 | kBq U235 eq. | 4.25E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.50E-4 | 9.38E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 1.76E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eco-toxicity - freshwater | ETP-fw2 | CTUe | 6.80E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.74E-1 | 3.04E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 5.56E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | HTP-c2 | CTUh | 5.22E-8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.67E-10 | 4.22E-9 | 0.00E+0 | 1.17E-10 | 0.00E+0 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | HTP-nc2 | CTUh | 7.95E-8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.52E-10 | 7.10E-9 | 0.00E+0 | 4.86E-11 | 0.00E+0 |
| Land-use related impacts/soil quality | SQP2 | Dimensionless | 7.26E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.63E-2 | 6.81E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 2.76E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | PM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 1.37E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.32E-3 | 1.44E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 2.34E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.37E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.32E-3 | 1.44E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 2.34E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 1.92E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.23E+0 | 1.14E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.93E-1 | 0.00E+0 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.92E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.23E+0 | 1.14E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.93E-1 | 0.00E+0 |
| SM | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| FW | m3 | 3.15E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.77E-5 | 1.52E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 2.81E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 4.86E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.12E-5 | 2.87E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 3.58E-6 | 0.00E+0 |
| NHWD | kg | 5.65E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.50E-4 | 5.37E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 2.40E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| RWD | kg | 1.06E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.35E-7 | 2.30E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 4.31E-8 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MFR | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MER | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Information related to Sector EPDs
| A list of the contributing manufacturers that the Sector EPD covers | Company: - Basaltina S.r.l. - Grassi Pietre S.r.l. - CMP Solmar S.r.l. - Marmi Ghirardi S.r.l. - Beltramo Fratelli s.n.c. - Franchi Umberto Marmi S.p.A. - Marini Marmi - Marmi e Graniti d’Italia S.r.l. - Nikolaus Bagnara - Marmi Faedo - Marmi Minucciano |
|---|---|
| How the selection of the sites/products has been done and the average/worst-case has been determined | The companies were chosen as part of the PNA network. The declared product is an average that is not available for purchase on the market. The present EPD is a sector EPD based on the average product of 15 different ornamental stones. |
| Statement about average/worst-case values | This sector EPD covers the average values for an entire product category (percentage of representativeness: 5%) based on average case and the the declared product is an average that is not available for purchase on the market. |
Abbreviations
Abbreviation Definition
General Abbreviations
EN European Norm (Standard)
EPD Environmental Product Declaration
EF Environmental Footprint
GPI General Programme Instructions
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
PCR Product Category Rules
c-PCR Complementary Product Category Rules
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CLC Co-location centre
CPC Central product classification
GHS Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals
GRI Global Reporting Initiative
Environmental Impact Indicators (EN 15804)
GHG Greenhouse gas
GWP Global Warming Potential (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-fossil Global Warming Potential from fossil sources (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-biogenic Global Warming Potential from biogenic sources (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-luluc Global Warming Potential from land use and land use change (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-total Total Global Warming Potential (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-GHG Global Warming Potential for greenhouse gases (kg CO₂ eq.)
ODP Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq.)
AP Acidification Potential (mol H⁺ eq.)
EP Eutrophication Potential
EP-freshwater Freshwater eutrophication potential (kg P eq.)
EP-marine Marine eutrophication potential (kg N eq.)
EP-terrestrial Terrestrial eutrophication potential (mol N eq.)
POCP Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (kg NMVOC eq.)
ADP Abiotic Depletion Potential
ADP-minerals&metals Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources (kg Sb eq.)
ADP-fossil Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources (MJ)
WDP Water Deprivation Potential (m³)
Resource Use Indicators
PERE Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (MJ)
PERM Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (MJ)
PERT Total use of renewable primary energy resources (MJ)
PENRE Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (MJ)
PENRM Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (MJ)
PENRT Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources (MJ)
SM Use of secondary material (kg)
RSF Use of renewable secondary fuels (MJ)
NRSF Use of non-renewable secondary fuels (MJ)
FW Use of net fresh water (m³)
Waste Indicators
HW Hazardous Waste (disposed) (kg)
NHW Non-Hazardous Waste (disposed) (kg)
RW Radioactive Waste (disposed) (kg)
Output Flow Indicators
CFR Components for Reuse (kg)
MR Material for Recycling (kg)
MER Materials for Energy Recovery (kg)
EEE Exported Energy, Electricity (MJ)
EET Exported Energy, Thermal (MJ)
Lifecycle Stages / Modules
A1 Raw material supply
A2 Transport
A3 Manufacturing
A4 Transport to site
A5 Construction/Installation
B1 Use
B2 Maintenance
B3 Repair
B4 Replacement
B5 Refurbishment
B6 Operational energy use
B7 Operational water use
C1 Deconstruction/Demolition
C2 Transport to waste processing
C3 Waste processing
C4 Disposal
D Reuse-Recovery-Recycling potential
Other Relevant Terms
SVHC Substances of Very High Concern
EC No. European Community Number
CAS No. Chemical Abstracts Service Number
MJ Megajoule
kg Kilogram
m³ Cubic Meter
NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
Sb eq. Antimony Equivalents
P eq. Phosphorus Equivalents
N eq. Nitrogen Equivalents
CFC-11 eq. Chlorofluorocarbon-11 Equivalents
CO₂ eq. Carbon Dioxide Equivalents
kg C Kilograms of Carbon
kg CO₂ eq. Kilograms of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
ND Not Declared
References
- The International Standards Organisation. (2006). Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework (ISO 14040:2006), pp. 1–28.
- The International Standards Organisation. (2006). Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines (ISO 14044:2006), pp. 652–668.
- Wolf, M.-A., et al. (2010). ILCD Handbook - General Guide for Life Cycle Assessment - Detailed Guidance. European Commission - Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy.
- European Commission. (2013). Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide.
- Bianco, I., Blengini, G. A. (2019). Life Cycle Inventory of techniques for stone quarrying, cutting and finishing: Contribution to fill data gaps. Journal of Cleaner Production, 225, 684–696.
- Bianco, I., Blengini, G. A. (2019). Life Cycle Inventory of technologies for stone quarrying, cutting and finishing: Contribution to fill data gaps. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 419–427.
- AIB - Association of Issuing Bodies. (2023). European Residual Mixes - Results of the calculation of Residual Mixes for the calendar year 2022 (Version 1.0, 2025-05-26).
- The International Standards Organisation. (2006). Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — Principles and procedures (ISO 14025:2006), pp. 1–25.
- The International Standards Organisation. (2017). Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Core rules for environmental product declarations of construction products and services (ISO 21930:2017, 2nd ed.), pp. 1–80.
- CEN. (2021). EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 — Sustainability of construction works — Environmental product declarations — Core rules for the product category of construction products.
- EPD International. (2025). General Programme Instructions for the International EPD® System (Version 5.01).
- EPD International. (2025). PCR 2019:14 Construction products (Version 2.01)
Version history
Revision: 2025-10-16 (Version 002)